| MDL |
MFCD00672621 |
| EC |
EINECS 207-451-4 |
| 别名 |
LucantinPink |
| 英文名称 |
Astaxanthin |
| CAS |
472-61-7 |
| 分子式 |
C40H52O4 |
| 分子量 |
596.84 |
| 纯度 |
UV≥98% |
| 生物活性 |
Astaxanthin (β-Carotene-4,4′-dione, Trans-Astaxanthin), a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a nutrient with unique cell membrane actions and diverse clinical benefits with excellent safety and tolerability.[1-2] |
| In Vitro |
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid nutrient with molecular properties that precisely position it within cell membranes and circulating lipoproteins, thereby imbuing them with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Astaxanthin also effectively protects the double membrane system of mitochondria, to the point of boosting their energy production efficiency. In cultured cells, astaxanthin protects the mitochondria against endogenous oxygen radicals, conserves their redox (antioxidant) capacity, and enhances their energy production efficiency. Astaxanthin has also protected human LDL against oxidative attack. Astaxanthin specifically protects the mitochondria of cultured nerve cells against toxic attack and stimulates the proliferation of cultured nerve stem cells. It effectively protects cultured nerve cells against hydrogen peroxide toxicity, and down-regulates genes linked to cell death and up-regulates genes linked to cell survival[1]. |
| In Vivo |
In pharmacokinetic studies, after ingestion of esterified natural astaxanthin, only unesterified astaxanthin appears in the blood. Astaxanthin’s bioavailability is substantially affected by meal timing and by smoking. Supplementation with astaxanthin may lower lipid peroxidation in vivo. Astaxanthin significantly improves the memory performance of mice in the Morris water maze. It has demonstrated safety in numerous human clinical trials. The doses of astaxanthin used in clinical trials have ranged from 1 mg/day to 40 mg/day (with the majority in the 6-12 mg range); single-dose pharmacokinetic studies use up to 100 mg per dose[1]. |
| SMILES |
CC(/C=C/C(C(C)(C[C@H](O)C1=O)C)=C1C)=CC=CC(C)=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC(C(C)(C[C@H](O)C2=O)C)=C2C |
| 靶点 |
PPAR |
| 动物实验 |
Vero cells (5 × 103/well) are seeded and cultured for 24 h and then infected with trypomastigotes (10 parasites/cell). Once intracellular parasites are observed (about 96 h after infection), the old medium is replaced with fresh supplemented DMEM with different ASTX (Astaxanthin) doses (1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 μg/100 μL). As a control, co-cultures are kept with NFMX (400 μg/100 μL) or with no ASTX or NFMX supplementation. After 24 h of incubation, microscopic morphological changes in the co-culture, such as loss of normal shape of T. cruzi infected Vero cell, changes of normal parasite shape or motility, and variations in the presence of intra- or extra-cellular parasites are evaluated by a trained technician. Additionally, parasite viability is evaluated by Trypan blue stain assay.[2] |
| 细胞实验 |
In vivo tests were performed in BALB/c mice (4-6 weeks old) infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and supplemented with ASTX (10 mg/kg/day) and/or nifurtimox (NFMX; 100 mg/kg/day). Results show that ASTX has some detrimental effects on axenically cultured parasites, but not when cultured with mammalian cell monolayers. In vivo, ASTX did not have any therapeutic value against acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection, used either alone or in combination with NFMX. Infected animals treated with NFMX or ASTX/NFMX survived the experimental period (60 days), while infected animals treated only with ASTX died before day 30 post-infection. ASTX did not show any effect on the control of parasitemia; however, it was associated with an increment in focal heart lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, a reduced number of amastigote nests in cardiac tissue, and less hyperplasic spleen follicles when compared to control groups. Unexpectedly, ASTX showed a negative effect in infected animals co-treated with NFMX. An increment in parasitemia duration was observed, possibly due to ASTX blocking of free radicals, an anti-parasitic mechanism of NFMX. In conclusion, astaxanthin is not recommended during the acute phase of Chagas disease, either alone or in combination with nifurtimox.[2] |
| 数据来源文献 |
[1] Kidd P, et al. Altern Med Rev. 2011, 16(4):355-64.
[2] Contreras-Ortiz JME, et al. Parasite. 2017, 24:17. |
| 规格 |
5mg 10mg |
